I found a link to this article from Keith Norris’ excellent blog (www.theorytopractice.wordpress.com). The article describes how researchers elucidated the complex structure of the fatty acid synthase enzyme.
You will recall in Body by Science we discuss how this enzyme converts carbohydrate to bodyfat when glycogen stores are full and insulin levels are high. The link to the news article is:
www.labspaces.net/95541/Groundbreaking_study_on_complex_movements_of_enzymes
The actual study is Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2009 Feb: 16(2)190-7.
The study describes the complex 3 dimension structure of this enzyme, and how it moves to transport substrate.
The motivator for studying the structure of this enzyme is to hopefully develop a drug that can inhibit this enzyme which converts carbohydrate to bodyfat during periods of carbohydrate abundance. This is a step in the right direction because it at least demonstrates the scientific community acknowledging that obesity is linked to overconsumption of carbohydrate relative to expenditure. Recall that fat storage is signalled when there is an abundance of the least available macronutrient (in a hunter-gatherer environment from which we evolved).
If such a drug is developed, it is my opinion that you would not want to take it. I had a brilliant professor in my med school pharmacology course by the name of T. Kent Keaton, PhD. The entire basis of our coursework was based on “Keaton’s Laws of Pharmacology” which were:
1) No drug has a single effect.
2) All drugs have side-effects.
3) Side-effects are proportionate to therapeutic effect., and
4) Drugs can kill you.
If we apply Keaton’s laws to this drug, what might be the unintended effects that could kill you? Remember this beautiful enzyme complex is responsible for our successful survival as a species. What happens if we cannot convert these sugars into bodyfat when these sugars are in abundant supply in our body? Remember, conversion to bodyfat is not just an energy storage scheme…it is a method of self-protection from toxicity. This enzyme is active when glycogen stores are full and carbs are high. If the sugar cannot go to fat storage where will it go? It will stack up in the blood stream, stimulating even higher insulin levels. Blood sugar will rise, and osmotic effects will occur (increased urination and thirst, brain edema, etc). The only protection in this scenario would be even further reductions in insulin sensitivity in an attempt to protect the cells from further transport of glucose into their already overloaded environment. This, in my opinion, would stimulate a viscious cycle which would escalate the metabolic syndrome. In an attempt to treat obesity, we would be ramping up the entire metabolic syndrome which underlies the problem.
This is what drives me crazy about being a physician. It is the problem of “when your only tool is a hammer the whole world is a nail”. As physicians who deal with large numbers of patients who can’t or won’t assume responsibility for their own health, we feel our only tool is drugs. Fortunately, this is not always the case. Body by Science is written for those who will assume responsibility for their own health.
The way to effectively deal with fatty acid synthase’s contribution to obesity is to deny it of excess substrate. Eat a diet that mimicks a hunter-gatherer diet and partake of high intensity exercise which empties the cells (especially muscle) of stored glycogen.
It really is that simple.
– Doug McGuff, MD